A New Saxophone Music Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A New Saxophone Music Style - Essay Example This A New Saxophone Music Style depicts the flexibility of this instrument. The saxophone approval into the old style music is constrained, since the symphonies were completely evolved before the creation of saxophone. A few pieces by significant writers â€like Berlioz†were created for saxophone, however its significance as a jazz instrument is certain. For saxophonists, it is imperative to examine both jazz and old style styles, so as to turn out to be increasingly flexible entertainers. By methods for the craft of act of spontaneity, saxophone was created as a top notch instrument for jazz performances. The flexibility of saxophone can set up an astounding distinction among jazz and old style styles. In a show band or symphony, the jazz-arranged player may sound excessively uproarious and boisterous, while the traditionally situated player might be viewed as unbending in the jazz gathering. As per Walsh (1-2), old style and jazz styles separate in the documentation of verbalizations. Old style music will in general be fastidiously recorded, and entertainers ought to replicate the verbalizations appeared in the sheet music. â€Å"Notated jazz, then again, frequently includes a string of eighth notes under a long slur or without any markings whatsoever†. On account of jazz, entertainers are relied upon to play the enunciation they find elaborately fitting, instead of simply concentrating on the page. Different contrasts in the two styles rely upon the utilization of key components in saxophone playing, for example tone shading, vibrato, explanation, complements, scoops, glissandi and apparition notes, among others.

Summary of IAS 18 Essay Example for Free

Synopsis of IAS 18 Essay Income: the gross inflow of financial advantages (money, receivables, different resources) emerging from the standard working exercises of an element, (for example, deals of products, deals of administrations, premium, sovereignties, and profits). [IAS 18.7] Estimation of Revenue Income ought to be estimated at the reasonable estimation of the thought got or receivable. [IAS 18.9] A trade for products or administrations of a comparative sort and worth isn't viewed as an exchange that creates income. In any case, trades for different things are viewed as creating income. [IAS 18.12] If the inflow of money or money reciprocals is conceded, the reasonable estimation of the thought receivable is not exactly the ostensible measure of money and money counterparts to be gotten, and limiting is proper. This would happen, for example, if the merchant is giving premium free credit to the purchaser or is charging a beneath showcase pace of intrigue. Premium must be attributed dependent on showcase rates. [IAS 18.11] Acknowledgment of Revenue Acknowledgment, as characterized in the IASB Framework, implies consolidating a thing that meets the meaning of income (above) in the pay articulation when it meets the accompanying rules: †¢ it is likely that any future monetary advantage related with the thing of income will stream to the element, and †¢ the measure of income can be estimated with unwavering quality IAS 18 gives direction to perceiving the accompanying explicit classes of income: Sale of Goods Income emerging from the offer of merchandise ought to be perceived when the entirety of the accompanying standards have been fulfilled: [IAS 18.14] †¢ the vender has moved to the purchaser the critical dangers and compensations of proprietorship †¢ the dealer holds neither proceeding with administrative inclusion to the degree as a rule related with possession nor viable authority over the products sold †¢ the measure of income can be estimated dependably †¢ it is likely that the monetary advantages related with the exchange will stream to the merchant, and †¢ the expenses brought about or to be caused in regard of the exchange can be estimated dependably Rendering of Services For income emerging from the rendering of administrations, gave that the entirety of the accompanying rules are met, income ought to be perceived by reference to the phase of fulfillment of the exchange at the monetary record date (the level of-finish technique): [IAS 18.20] †¢ the measure of income can be estimated dependably; †¢ it is likely that the financial advantages will stream to the merchant; †¢ the phase of finish at the monetary record date can be estimated dependably; and †¢ the expenses brought about, or to be acquired, in regard of the exchange can be estimated dependably. At the point when the above models are not met, income emerging from the rendering of administrations ought to be perceived uniquely to the degree of the costs perceived that are recoverable (a cost-recuperation approach. [IAS 18.26] Interest, Sovereignties, and Dividends For intrigue, sovereignties and profits, gave that it is plausible that the financial advantages will stream to the endeavor and the measure of income can be estimated dependably, income ought to be perceived as follows: [IAS 18.29-30] †¢ enthusiasm: utilizing the powerful intrigue technique as set out in IAS 39 †¢ eminences: on an accumulations premise as per the substance of the pertinent understanding †¢ profits: when the investors option to get installment is set up Disclosure

Taylor, Zachary

Taylor, Zachary Taylor, Zachary zak ´?re [key], 1784â€"1850, 12th President of the United States (1849â€"50), b. Orange co., Va. He was raised in Kentucky. Taylor joined the army in 1808, became a captain in 1810, and was promoted to major for his defense of Fort Harrison (1812) in the War of 1812. He became a colonel (1832) and served in the Black Hawk War and in the campaigns against the Seminole in Florida, winning the nickname of Old Rough and Ready. Sent to the Southwest to command the army at the Texas border, Taylor began (1845) to prepare for hostilities with Mexico regarding the annexation of Texas, pushing into disputed territory S of the Nueces River. In the Mexican War he defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma , drove them across the Rio Grande, and took Matamoros. Later he forced the surrender of the Mexican stronghold at Monterrey. In 1847 he won the decisive battle of Buena Vista in the face of great odds. A popular hero, Taylor was nominated for President on the Whig ticket, was elected, and assumed office in 1849. His nonpartisan tendencies were changed under the influence of Senator William H. Seward, and Taylor was soon a strong supporter of Whig policy. As President, he supported the Wilmot Proviso , which excluded slavery from all the territory acquired as a result of the Mexican War. He favored rapid admission of both California and New Mexico to the Union and strict limitation of Texas boundary claims. His free-soil views put him in opposition to the measures that were to become the Compromise of 1850 . After charges of corruption were lodged against members of his cabinet, he promised a reorganization, but was stricken with cholera morbus and died on July 9, 1850. He was succeeded by Millard Fillmore . See biographies by H. Hamilton (2 vol., 1941â€"51; repr. 2012), B. Dyer (1946, repr. 1967), S. B. McKinley and S. Bent (1946), and K. J. Bauer (1993); E. J. Nichols, Zach Taylor's Little Army (1963). The Columbia El ectronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

How the Media has Influenced Peoples Thoughts on...

Escaping the vast amounts of theories, viewpoints, and well written slants of the media is almost impossible for the common American citizens. America’s perceptions of the entire demographic has the capability of significant influence due broadcasts of various sorts. The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender community, or commonly referred to as LBGT, has been a core group fear, scrutiny, and confusion within the reports of varied mediums of exposure since as early as the 1950s. The highly convincing nature of the media’s influence is deeply rooted as truth within the minds of just about every person in America. No matter where you look or turn, in this day and age you cannot avoid the topic of homosexuality. It is being discussed in the news, books, television shows, movies, and as we have most recently now in politics. Since they are labeled to be a minority group, the LGBT community is viewed very differently by society. Although there are many people who think the re is nothing wrong with being gay, there are many who still believe it is immoral and abnormal. With all the diverse views floating around about homosexuals different portrayals and stereotypes can and have definitely derived from everywhere. These portrayals send intentional or sometimes even unintentional messages to the people on the receiving end of those messages, thereby shaping how those people view homosexuals. Since the media has such an immense impact on how homosexuality is viewed, it is extremelyShow MoreRelatedChristianity And Homosexuality : The Way Of Thinking1395 Words   |  6 PagesSimilar to the ancient Greeks’ way of thinking, homosexuality in Christianity was considered taboo because of the way the homosexual acts (specifically sodomy) were considered to degrade one partner to the status of a female. An encyclopedia article in the Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, titled â€Å"Christianity and Homosexuality†, talks about how the way a person in terprets the different lessons of the Bible can influence how they view homosexuality. Using the historical-critical way of reading theRead MoreSocio-Cultural Influences On Sexuality. Socio-Cultural1156 Words   |  5 Pagesand women are women. These socio-cultural are influenced by physical, emotional, cultural and economic aspects. Time and time again research has proven that socio-cultural influences have a significant role in human sexuality. Culture is the manner of life of the people. Thus, culture shapes the ideas of what behaviors are acceptable for men and women (King Regan, 2014). Sexuality is a big part of one’s life because it produces us human. It is how an individual sees himself or herself through sexualRead MoreGender Demographic Group Of The Media1382 Words   |  6 PagesDemographic Group Essay People in America tend to view media as an all-knowing, reliable source of information that affects their very lives. It’s no wonder that any form of demographic portrayal put in the media is automatically consumed by thousands of people every single day. This makes the mass media an important component in the society’s perception of many demographic groups. One of the most common demographic group thrown into the media is the LGBTQ. This organization was brought to AmericaRead MoreHow Heteronormativity And Media Stereotypes On Queer People Express Their Sexualities1655 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HOW HETERONORMATIVITY AND MEDIA STEREOTYPES IN SOCIETY INFLUENCES HOW QUEER PEOPLE EXPRESS THEIR SEXUALITIES How heteronormativity and media stereotypes influences how queer people express their sexualities Vanessa Gomes Ryerson University â€Å"Who is the man in the relationship?† â€Å"Who tops or bottoms?† These questions have become a fundamental part in queer people’s lives. Why do non queer people need for queer people and their relationships to imitate heternormativeRead MoreSexuality : Sexuality And Sexuality1249 Words   |  5 Pagesaffects people through defining who they are and how they express themselves. People experience sexuality in a wide range whereby some people get considered as very sexual while others do not experience feelings of sexual attraction at all (Darroch et al. 205). The sexuality of a Person can get influenced by culture, family, media, religion, experiences, and friends. No matter how sexuality gets considered important to a person, each has desires, thoughts, values and attractions that are considered uniqueRead MoreMedia Analysis Feminism1658 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Analysis My analysis of major themes and how the media participate in the construction of attitudes about gender and sexual orientation is predicated upon 16 articles drawn from three major news sources: Newsweek, The New York Times, and The Advocate. The articles were published in the months of January, February, and March. The selection of the articles was not random; I specifically chose articles whose titles and introductions were of particular interest. The three news sources, particularlyRead MoreDifferent Differences And Diversities That Can Affect A Therapeutic Relationship2000 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferences and diversities that each individual has. Our society is very multicultural. Often, individuals are misunderstood due to lack of knowledge and prejudices that our society has of other cultures, beliefs and religions. Pittu Laungani believes â€Å"Each culture has something of value to offer to another culture and equally importantly something of value to learn and imbibe f rom another culture†. (Pittu Laungani ‘University of Toronto 2005) Every individual has their own set of morals, values and beliefsRead MoreUtilising A Wide Range Of Sources Critically Evaluate And Discuss The Following Statement2753 Words   |  12 Pagesdifferent settings (ibid). In criminology the term often corresponds with acts of violence, and is used to label an offenders potential level of risk of harm they may cause (Farrington and Tarling, 1985:175). Someone who is labelled as dangerous is thought to pose as a threat or risk to society. However, dangerousness is not easily defined; it can actually cover a range of factors; which makes it more of an umbrella term. For example, three distinct constructs such as risk factors, potential harm, andRead MoreGender, Gender And Sexual Orientation Essay2043 Words   |  9 Pages America, a country that preaches equality for all and may be considered the land of opportunity, has had a bad history of oppressing groups th at differs from the norm: white, heterosexual, and male. While legislation has been passed to rectify past oppression of racial, gender and sexual orientation groups, America remains a patriarchal society whose institutions are structurally designed to favor white, cisgender, heterosexual males. The film Higher Learning, brings to light this issue of institutionalRead MoreIntroduction and Rationale DV8: Homosexuality Within Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men and To Be2600 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction and Rationale DV8: Homosexuality Within Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men and To Be Straight With You Throughout this dissertation I’m going to be focusing my work on two of DV8 performances; Dead Dreams of Monochrome Men which is loosely based on the story of Serial Killer Dennis Nilsen and To Be Straight With You which is based on the prejudice Gay and Lesbian individuals face every day by society, be that by Religion, Race or The Government. Looking at theatre reviews and books such

Self- Reference Effect Experiment - 629 Words

Studies have shown the processing of information and memory is best stored when information is made relevant and important to the self. This theory is presented in Cunningham, Turk, MacDonald, and Macrae’s â€Å"Yours or Mine? Ownership and Memory† (2008). Cunningham et al. presented the idea of ‘self-reference effect’ in their article, stating words or other stimuli presented to participants will be easier to recall according to level of relevance to said participant. Another article founded on this theory is Symons and Blair’s â€Å"The Self-Reference Effect in Memory: A Meta-Analysis† (1997). Symons et al. reviewed participants and their propensity to â€Å"relate material to the self.† The following experiment performed is a replication of the classic experiment by Roger, Kuiper, and Kirker (1977) in which experimenters had participants process and categorize words quickly, later recalling as many words exhibited in the experiment a s possible. This collection of articles each wanted to exhibit the phenomenon of self-reflected thought processes and further explains human memory. The initial hypothesis for this experiment is that the words that recalled personal experiences for the participant will be remembered best. Method Participants Participants for this experiment included 194 students at UCF who are enrolled in PSY 3213 Research Methods in Psychology, roughly ages 18-22. Materials and Procedures This experiment included the use of Dell Computers. Students satShow MoreRelatedIs The Self Reference Effect More Effective On Children s Memory Rather Than Adults?1733 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Self Reference Effect More Effective On Children’s Memory Rather Than Adults? Madison Herley Professor Cooke General Psychology 101 April 21, 2016 Abstract The study will investigate the self reference effect with two different age groups. The two age groups will be young and older adults, trying to obtain material. The first group is told to relate that information to themselves or past experiences and, the second group is only told to review the material given. The purpose of this experimentRead More Psychological Research Report on Memory Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagesmemory and many different attempts at defining a specific method of encoding that will lead to greater recall. In this experiment subjects are asked to do a semantic task on a word related to them and an orthographic task in which they analyze the letter in the word. The results of the experiment indicate that the words which where encoded semantically and are related to the self have greater recall. INTRODUCTION In the last half century several theories have emerged with regard to the best modelRead MoreTypes Of Norms : Descriptive Norms1501 Words   |  7 Pagesof the group as a whole. As humans we have an innate desire to obtain a social identity by associating ourselves with a particular group; this enhances our self-esteem and pride (part of Tajfel’s social identity theory). This leads to the creation of ‘in-group’ vs. ‘out-group’ behaviour, such that an individual will strive to increase the self-image of his own group over other groups. This, among other behaviour, could cause the individual to see the norms of its own group as elevated, leading themRead MoreBurgess, Melinda, and Sandra Burpo. The Effect of Music Videos on College Students1100 Words   |  5 Pagesand Sandra Burpo. The Effect of Music Videos on College Students Perceptions of Rape. College Student Journal 46.4 (2012): Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Feb. 2014. Basically, the article is divided into three parts. The first part grouped evidence from several studies about the widespread of women’s portrayal as degraded sex objects in music videos of most types. Then the second part discuss the experiment which was done to examineRead MoreConsumer Behavior Case Study-Reference Groups800 Words   |  4 Pages* This research studies reference groups as a source of brand associations, linked to peoples’ mental representation of self needs. This is conceptualized at an aggregate level in terms of self-brand connections. Reference Groups: Social groups that are important to a consumer and against which he/she compares himself/herself. * Member group: a reference group to which an individual belongs * Aspiration Group: A reference group to which an individual wishes to belong * Consumers useRead MoreExperimental Research Designs Essay1052 Words   |  5 Pagesindependent variable to observe its effect the dependent variable. When conducting an experiment the researcher will use random assignment of the participants into a control group and the other the group that is being experimented on. The researcher will place the control group in a controlled environment, while the other will be placed in a cause and effect situation and the results will be determined from the experiment (True Experimental Design, 2012). A laboratory experiment is a research study conductedRead MoreSelf Perception Theory1700 Words   |  7 PagesSelf perception Table of contents Serial N ° | List of Contents | Page N ° | 01 | Executive summary | 03 | 02 | Theories | 04 | 03 | Techniques | 05 | 04 | Decision making | 06 | 05 | References | 08 | â€Å"Self perception theory† Executive summary:- Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude change developed by psychologist Daryl Bem. It asserts that people develop their attitudes by observing their behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused them. The theory is counterintuitiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Maternal Behavior On Mother Rats Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesTwo scholarly articles compared the different effects maternal behavior can have on mother rats later on in their lifetime. A maternal behavior can be defined as an act of love and caring toward one’s young (2012). Memory, and the rats’ ability to learn a response were tested through two different experiments. Learning was tested by a classical conditioning approach. Classical condition was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov. The overall concept of classical conditioning is when a response is elicitedRead More Consciousness and the Placebo Effect Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesConsciousness and the Placebo Effect In controlled studies, experimenters use placebos as medium to compare the efficacy of a drug. Double-blind controlled studies provide information on whether a drug is effective or if it is not better than placebo. The results of double-blind studies usually depict the latter. Rarely are drugs found to be significantly more effective than placebo because of the placebo effect. The phenomenal effectiveness of the placebo in controlled experiments is mind boggling. ExperimentersRead MoreThe Effect Of Doll Tests On Brown V. Board Education Decision1052 Words   |  5 Pages EFFECT OF DOLL TESTS ON BROWN V. BOARD EDUCATION DECISION BRADLEY A. SMITH JOHNSON COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Date Introduction Doctor’s Kenneth and Mamie Clark were psychologists who conducted several experiments in the 1940s. The most famous of these experiments were colloquially known as doll tests. They were aimed at studying the psychological effects of discrimination or segregation on African American children. In this test, the psychologists used

Analysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House - 851 Words

Henrik Ibsens’s, A Doll House, details the lives of the Helmers, a seemingly perfect couple. As the story progresses from act to act, it becomes quite obvious that their relationship is everything but perfect. Complications arise quickly when a forged loan by Nora Helmer is brought to her husband Torvald’s attention. The prejudices women experience, particularly, Nora is a definite tone in this play. Henrick Ibsen does a great job at showing both sides of the oppression of women, particularly within the Helmers troubled marriage. Throughout the story the blatant oppression of women can be directly related to why, Nora, simply writing her signature on a document, could cause such a terrible chain of events. Could the time period be the only cause of this oppression? Maybe society is the true nature of this prejudice against women? The possibility of both is great, Ibsen is also very set on exposing and detailing the hardships women of this time experienced. The title of a play or story usually has some details of theme or even a foreshadowing of the story. A Doll House is a great example of this, a doll; an object manipulated by its owner, resides and makes a home. In the 19th century, women were to be obedient to their families and, once married, owned by their husbands. The need for communication also contributes the theme of this play. Nora and Torvald also communicate only on the most superficial level; he speaks from the conventional ideas of society but does not seeShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1823 Words   |  8 PagesA Doll House is a play that was written by Henrik Ibsen in 1879. Nora Helmer is a wife and mother who secretly loaned money to save her husband’s, Torvald, life. Torvald views and treats Nora has a doll and she goes along with it. As conflict comes and goes Nora decides that her current life is not what she wants for herself. She no longer wants to be anyone’s â€Å"do ll† and decides to leave her family in search of independence. This play was controversial during the time it was written becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1152 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† addresses the importance of the roles women play throughout this time period. Women are thought to be like â€Å"dolls† to their husbands, by obeying their commands and keeping a good image. We see the main character, Nora Helmer struggle to keep her perfect image of a great wife as troubles start to arise. Throughout the play we begin to see Nora push through her troubles and find her true identity, Nora shifts from being the loving, perfect wife, to being a strongRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House884 Words   |  4 Pagestransform minor lies such as white lies into something more dangerous. When one works to conceal a lie, a cloud of deception hangs over those involved and can lead to the destruct ion of friendships, relationships, and even marriages. In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House, he uses the motif of lies and deception to illustrate the fragileness of the Helmer’s marriage, which ultimately leads to its demise. Nora Helmer, a naà ¯ve woman who has never been given the chance to mature into an independent womanRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House995 Words   |  4 Pagesimagining and guiding the integration of all these elements belongs to the director. One of the toughest tasks of a director is to reinvigorate a socially important and renowned production while maintaining its original message and composition. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House is a socially important realistic play that portrays the gender dynamics that plagued the nineteenth century and questions the expectations held for women in a household and society. The play is still incredibly influential because the issuesRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1472 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"A Doll House† Playing many different characters is what Henrik Ibsen’s meant to do in A Doll House. The main characters fool people into believing they are someone other than their true selves. Nora plays her role flawlessly as she pretends to be living two different lives. Nora is Torvalds devoted and self-indulgent wife, but naively enough, she doesn’t realize she is a courageous, self-sufficient women. As the character’s progress so does Nora’s personality, she goesRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 924 Words   |  4 PagesHenrik Ibsen once wrote a play called â€Å"A Doll House.† Back in 1879 when the play was written there was lots of controversy on whether are not they play should have been showed. It created lots of arguments because of the time that they play was done (Hemmer). In the time frame that Ibsen wrote his play it was a time where women really had no say. Women would listen to their husbands and do as they say. At the end of the original play Nora, the main character, left her husband and her kids. IbsenRead MoreAn Analysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House1460 Words   |  6 Pagesopposition to the idea of a female president. Traditionalist opposition has women body shamed into the fixed standard of beauty being the skinny Caucasian blonde. People still look down on women in troubled relationships as being their fault. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House puts into criticism the problems brought by traditionalism though the story between Torvald and Nora. Where Nora has to keep a secret how she saved her husband’s life to save her marriage, because she fears a woman helping a man would shameRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1971 Words   |  8 PagesIn Hendrik Ibsen play â€Å"A Doll House† Nora is a women who had typical women gender role in the 19th century to take care of the children and the home so that she can please her husband while her husband handles all the outs ide business and money as the primary care taker. Nora has always lived with a man that took care of her and told her what to do. Nora completely accepted her expectations and â€Å"conditions of the world in which she live† as Torvald put it, because she never had the opportunity toRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1154 Words   |  5 Pagessacrifice mean? Is it important? Sacrifice can be defined as an act of immolating someone or something. Will one might think it depends on the person to decide on the importance of the sacrifice? In light of this play, â€Å"A Doll House† written realistically by Henrik Ibsen, he has portrayed many symbols throughout the play. One of the many symbols that stood out was sacrifice. Clothing also symbolized some importance in the play and the Tarantella dance as well. However, what exactly is a symbolRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagestraditional stereotypes, men are strong and dominant, while women are weak and submissive. There are moments in the person’s life when men do not appreciate their wives and go across their limits. This view sounds a lot like what Henrik Ibsen wrote about in his play, A Doll House. Ibsen presented gender roles through social roles, identity and marriage. This factors affect how the characters in the play are viewed by society. Althouth gender roles have changed over time and males and females have become more

Theories of Educational Leadership and Management

Questions: 1. Management theories used to explain stress? 2. Management styles used to explain stress? Answers: Introduction: The report is concentrated on the stress, especially the work stress in nursing department of a nursing home. The reasons for the stress in nursing is found out in the report, the affect of the stress on the employees and also the relevant approaches of management which are dealing with stress and stressful condition within the organization by the department of management are also identified here in this report. By using the two management theories, that is, Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Tuck mans Model, the condition or the present situation of the organization can be better explained and the ways for betterment of the situation from the point of view of the employees can also be recommended. Similarly, the two management styles Democratic style of leadership and the Autocratic style of leadership can better evaluate the present situation of the organization. Case Scenario: Dorothy (assumed) is a middle aged nurse and is well known for her hard work in Heath First Rehabilitation (HFR). She has been working in this treatment centre for 10 years. Health First Rehabilitation is a renowned treatment centre located in outer London. The treatment centre provides a dual diagnosis of both mental health and drug and alcohol misuse issues. This treatment centre used to get a government grant from the Department of Health. But the government has set an order of reducing the employment cost by establishing a new staffing model, where, four psychologists would be replaced by less expensive nurse counselors and administrative costs should also be reduced, otherwise, the government would not provide the 50 % of the funding. Now Dorothy is facing trouble in the organization. As the management provided an order that either the existing nurses have to join training course for up skilling the employees, or they would be replaced by new more skilled employees or nurses. This is a major problem, common to all the nurses of the organization. But the problem Dorothy is facing that she has a duty of long 12 hours, and the work pressure is high as the organization is well reputed and get referred by many peoples. So managing extra 2 hours for the training course after the scheduled working hour is more than tough as she has a family and the travelling to her home is also time consuming as the treatment centre is located in outer London. Dorothy has a family dependent on her. So she even cannot resign the job. This is a problem common to most of the existing nurses of the organization. Thus, the management department of the treatment center should think about its existing employees especially the nurses and take some remedial measures for the betterment of both the organization and its existing employees. Background: The situation involves Dorothy; a nursing stuff at Health-First Rehabilitation (HFR) is experiencing stress due to sudden cost cutting in the organization to reduce the administrative cost, resulted due to unavailability of funds (Bush, 2011). Hans Selye first defined stress in the year 1936. He defined the condition of stress as the response that a human body shows towards any change in situation; this response is generally non-specified. Stress can be good or bad. Provided that the individual in experiencing stress due to some good news or new challenge, then it will be termed as good stress. Bad stress is caused by any kind of bad news, tension at work or home, unhealthy working atmosphere and so on. 1. Management theories used to explain stress: In this scenario, two theories will be used to explain stress. The first one is the Tuckmans theory and the second one is the Maslow hierarchy of needs. Tuckman formed his four stage model in 1965 to explain team development and behavior in to forming, storming, norming and performing. To explain the development in a better way he added another stage to the model adjourning in 1970. The first stage, forming discusses the behavior of the individual when that individual totally depends on the team leader and not the members of the group (Bush, 2011). The storming explains the behavior of the team members when they are more aimed at establishing themselves than working for the achievement of goal as a team. In the norming stage, the team members come together under the team leader who engages the members in various activities to make them work together. This is the last stage in the model where the performance of the group is concerned, the issues are resolved and the members are now wo rking towards achieving the goal. Adjourning is mainly related to the welfare of the members rather than achieving the goal (Stein, Friedman and Blanco, 2011). Maslows hierarchy of needs explains the basic needs of an individual related to work and life. Physiological needs include the fulfillment of an individuals need for bodily rest and recovery. It explains how a body responds to various changes. It will need sleep when tired; it will need rest when some illness affects it and so on (Ferguson, 2010). Safety needs include having a place to live; the want to remain surrounded by people like, family, friends, colleagues and so on. The need of belonging includes the feeling to be a part of a group. The group may include, friends, family, neighbors or colleagues. The need for esteem includes the want to raise high above others. Suppose, in an organization, the individual may want to lead a team, if an association, then the president of the association and so on. Self actualization need explains the want to recognize oneself, the want to understand what an individual is capable of doing, achieving and so on. In other words, this needs explain the individuals want to know the potential. The reason behind choosing the theories Tuckmans model is chosen to explain the amount of stress because it mainly tells about the behavior of the individual in an organization. The study of the theory will help to find the problems Dorothy is facing at work resulting to the stress. In this theory, the first four stages does not apply to Dorothys situation as she is not having any problem with her team members but the adjourning stage somehow relates to her situation as it deals with the welfare of the employee (Maeda and Bermont, 2011). Maslows theory is incorporated because it deals with the basic need of an individual to lead a normal life. All the needs explained in this theory can be related to Dorothys case as the violation of all the needs is giving rise to Dorothys stress. Maslows Theory more effective After going through the case scenario it is concluded that, Maslows theory will be more relevant to explain Dorothys stress in the rehabilitation centre. As the centre has decided to replace the existing nurses if needed, it will first affect Dorothys safety needs (Mathe, Pavie and O'Keeffe, 2011). Replacement of staff means, unemployment for the existing members, if an individual loses a job, it will definitely how that individual is living, payment of rent or EMI will be the highest concern. Moreover, the centre has planned to train the nurses for extra two hours. It will again affect the physiological need, working for 12 hours and then adding extra two hours will take a toll on her body, Dorothy will not be getting the minimum amount of rest a human body requires (Muir, 2012). As it is seen, Dorothy has earned certain amount of reputation in the workplace; Dorothy was expecting a promotion soon after serving so many years in the treatment centre. Hence, suddenly losing the job wi ll affect her self-esteem. She has been in the organization for the past 10 years, due to the course of time; a sense of belonging has built up in her towards the treatment centre as well as among her colleagues. This sudden decision has caused a great amount of stress in her as far as the need of belonging is concerned. The entire situation has caused a great amount of stress for Dorothy, as far as self-actualization need is concerned. The nurse is now doubtful regarding the potentiality as a nurse. After so many years of service when the organization decides to replace the nurse, it affects the psychology of the nurse depending on self actualization need (Stahl and Goldstein, 2010). After going through the two management styles, that is, autocratic and democratic, it is found out that the democratic style is more reliable to solve this issue than the autocratic style. In the democratic style, the head of the organization discusses the issue with the employees, and then try to solve the issue keeping in mind the problems of the employees. The head of the organization listens to the problems of the employees rather than just ordering and commanding the staffs (Olpin and Hesson, 2010). 2. Management styles used to explain stress: Management styles are commonly known as leadership styles (Barbee, 2012). Generally leader is defined as the person who can motivate the other individuals for performing a job having a similar objective. This capability of a leader is called leadership. Thus, leadership can be defined as the ability of the management of a company to take a sound decision in any situation and can perform well. Leadership is composed of facing different challenging goals by the leader. The characters of a good leader may be collected in the form of self confidence, strong communication skills, ability to manage a particular situation and peoples and many more (Dessler, 2013). There are various types of leadership styles, each define the personality of various types of leaders. The different types of leadership styles which are more common are Autocratic leadership style represents a dictator and the task maker. Democratic leadership style represents the consultative and participative type of leader (Dessler, 2013). Laissez faire leadership style represents the leaders, who work by group consensus. Bureaucratic leadership style represents the leaders who are formality oriented (Werner, Schuler and Jackson, 2012). Paternalistic leadership style here the leaders prefer more family like atmosphere within the organization. Charismatic leadership style the leaders who believe in attractive and magical power. Missionary leadership style the leaders who maintain good fellowship and warm atmosphere within the organization. In the organization Health First Rehabilitation (HFR), the management styles which would help in making betterment of the organization and the existing employees, especially the nurses are democratic styles of leadership and autocratic style of leadership. Democratic style of leadership is collegial and open type for running an organization or a team (Dowling, Festing and Engle, 2013). The ideas of various persons can move freely and can be discussed with all the members of the team. This style is important and also suitable for rapidly changing and dynamic environment of an organization (Ivancevich and Konopaske, 2013). In the fast moving organizations like HFR each and every option for improvement is considered to prevent from fall out of date. Democratic styles indicates the facilitation of conversation, encouragement of people to share their views and ultimately synthesizing the view points and ideas of all the individuals, the best possible decision is taken by the management. The democratic leader should be able to communicate properly with all the employees so that a unity in a plan can be made. Generally democratic style of leadership is used in an organization when frequently changes take place. In HFR, all of a sudden the order of the government came for changing the employment style to lower the cost of employment. Thus, democratic style would be the best suitable style of leadership for the organization. Through this style, the mangers of the company can give an open option to all its employees to provide some ideas and view points to manage and handle the situation for stability in the organization. According to all the ideas, the management can take a decision which would be profitable for the organization and also reduce the employment stress of the nurses. The other option is the autocratic style of leadership, where the authority or the managers have only the right to take or make decisions and they would not provide any option to the employees regarding making or taking any decision (Mondy and Mondy, 2012). It is just opposite to the democratic style of leadership, but sometimes, this autocratic leadership styles seems to be the perfect style according to the situation of the company. Autocratic style of leadership is best applied in a situation, where control is necessary. When dangerous situations like decrease in the salary, cut off from the organization, or stoppage of a particular department or branch of any organization takes place, at that vital dangerous period, the management of the company should follow the autocratic style of leadership (Quick, 2013). Because during these above situations, view point of any particular employee can cause harm to the other or other groups of employees. When the employees are not properly exp erienced or are unfamiliar with the type of situation, the company is facing at the present; the employees could not take the right decision (Rothwell et al., 2012). Thus, the managers or the management department should take a rigid decision about the current or present situation and announce it to all the employees. In the treatment centre Health First Rehabilitation, the situation is dangerous for the employees as it is related to the cut-off of jobs of the existing employees. Most of the employees in the organization are unfamiliar to this type of situation, and the idea of a particular group of employee might harm the other employees, thus the management of the organization might follow autocratic style of leadership (Werner and DeSimone, 2012). But, in democratic style of leadership, the employees can put their view points in front of the others, and therefore, accordingly, the manager can take decision. Thus, democratic style is better as employees can suggest different ways out and their stress might also reduce. Recommendations to the nursing home: After going through the problems the organization is facing and after studying how Dorothy is going through the phase of stress due to this sudden decision of the organization, it is recommended to the organization to change the present style of management to the democratic style. By applying this style, the organization will have a better idea of the problems of the nurses, and Dorothy along with other nurses will be able to cope up with their stress related to unemployment and overtime after duty. It also recommended that the treatment centre should also start a stress-management cell, which will help the employees by engaging in various stress-management programs which in turn will help the staffs in coping up with stress in difficult situations (Reevy and Frydenberg, 2011). Conclusion: The case scenario of Dorothy and the situation of the centre where she works give the reader an idea about how a management gets affected by the sudden change in rules by the government. The nurses are unable to cope with the increasing amount of stress caused by the organization. Apart from following the recommendations, the centre should also try to talk with the persons who look after the funding in the treatment centre so that the organization gets help in the difficult time. The organization should also talk to the government officials so that the officials rethink regarding the new rules and revise the decision regarding the funding in the organization (Roberts, 2011). References: Barbee, A. (2012).Everything you need to know about stress management. [Newmarket, Ont.]: BrainMass Inc. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston, Mass.: Pearson Education. Dowling, P., Festing, M. and Engle, A. (2013).International human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Ivancevich, J. and Konopaske, R. (2013).Human resource management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2012).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Quick, J. 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